On Friday, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) released a report (Report) pursuant to President Trump’s April 3, 2019, Memorandum on Combatting Trafficking in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods. The Report – the first of its kind – outlines a series of recommendations and actions that should be taken by both the federal government and industry players in order to combat the counterfeit goods epidemic that has swept the US product industry. While Amazon is not directly named, it is clear from the practices and examples detailing how e-commerce sites have made it easy for counterfeit goods to reach the masses, that Amazon was most certainly the basis for much of the Report.

One of the critical determinations of the Report is that the US government needs to “ensure entities with financial interests in imports bear responsibility.” As such, companies such as Amazon will have to take steps to actively prevent counterfeits from reaching consumers, such as working more closely with US Customs and Border Patrol, as well as thoroughly vetting sellers on the platform.

The report provides the following list of “Best Practices” for e-commerce platforms and third-party marketplaces:

1. Comprehensive Terms of Service Agreements
2. Significantly Enhanced Vetting of Third-Party Sellers
3. Limitations on high risk products
4. Efficient Notice and Takedown Procedures
5. Enhanced Post-Discovery Actions
6. Indemnity Requirements for Foreign Sellers
7. Clear Transactions Through Banks that Comply with U.S. Enforcement Requests
8. Pre-Sale Identification of Third-Party Sellers
9. Establish Marketplace Seller IDs
10. Clearly Identifiable Country of Origin Disclosures

Additionally, and quite significantly, the Report recommends that the Department of Commerce consider changing contributory and/or vicarious infringement standards so that e-commerce platforms can be held liable for contributory trademark infringement. This would be a colossal change from the status quo, as numerous intellectual property owners have unsuccessfully sued Amazon for trademark infringement due to its role in counterfeit product distribution.

Moreover, the groundbreaking Report goes on to suggest the development of a national awareness campaign that “should involve platforms, rights holders, and the applicable government agencies to provide education for consumers regarding the risks of counterfeits as well as the various ways consumers can use to spot counterfeit products.”

While we may not see a decrease in counterfeits immediately, the DHS Report and subsequent actions to be taken are a major step in the right direction. For more information on the Report and what it means for intellectual property rights holders, please email us at DLG@DigitalLawGroup.com.

The World Trade Organization stipulates that tariffs can only be imposed when there is material injury to the domestic industry, such as the detrimental effects of currency manipulation. However, in the U.S. Treasury’s most recent semi-annual report, China was not found to be maintaining an artificially low Yuan. However, if the Treasury Department did designate China a currency manipulator, a one-year mandatory negotiation period would be required to attempt to resolve the problem. If unresolved, the U.S. could then retaliate by, among other actions, implementing the 45-percent tariff proposed by the Trump administration. However, given the current administration’s unconventional approach, tariffs could be levied – theoretically – without congressional approval.

The news media has been bombarding us with information on how this tariff will affect the auto industry, in particular, but what do increased tariffs mean for others – such as the consumer product industry? As it is commonplace for such products to be manufactured in China, if a product marketer chose to continue to manufacture in China after the implementation of a tariff, that $19.99 retail price could be pushed up to $28.99. Alternatively, rather than continuing to manufacture in China (and be subject to the threat of higher tariffs), the product marketer can choose to move its manufacturing to the U.S. or elsewhere.

There is no dispute that manufacturing is costlier in the U.S. than in China; that is why most manufacturing occurs overseas. However, in addition to current (underutilized) incentives, such as the Domestic Productions Activities Deduction, and export incentives including the Interest Charge Domestic Sales Corporation (IC-DISC), President Trump is promising to cut regulations and lower corporate taxes. This could, theoretically, make U.S. manufacturing a viable option. Further, should this tariff become a reality and manufacturing jobs do come home, it could significantly reduce the number of counterfeit products entering the country. This, perhaps, may be the biggest advantage to manufacturing in the U.S. or other countries that are not on the counterfeit watch list, such as Bangladesh or Vietnam.

As the product industry is fully aware, China is severely lagging in intellectual property protections. Product leaks (sometimes by the manufacturer or its employees) and subsequent infringement are rampant. A winning product is likely to be knocked off and/or counterfeited and selling on Alibaba and Amazon before it even hits the shelves.

The Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property reported that China is responsible for as much as 80 percent of counterfeit goods globally. It is unquestionably the largest source of counterfeits in the United States. Global imports of counterfeit and pirated goods are worth nearly half a trillion dollars per year, with 20 percent of that affecting U.S. intellectual property and product owners. In 2013 alone, U.S. Customs and Border Patrol (USCBP) seized $1.3 billion in counterfeit goods – and that’s just what was detected. Pulling manufacturing out of China would significantly reduce the ever-growing influx of counterfeit items into the country and around the world.

An organization’s ability to change and innovate quickly is a key competitive advantage. Similarly, its ability to anticipate and deal with change in a challenging environment is tantamount to survival. Any prudent business owner will need to do an analysis of alternative sources of supply, or renegotiate with suppliers for better pricing to offset increased tariffs and then decide the best course of action. Contact a knowledgeable attorney and seek professional accounting advice to conduct due diligence on the best options for your business.

Ohlhausen will be bringing a new focus to the FTC; specifically, an emphasis on pursuing claims based on actual consumer harm, not just whether a regulatory violation occurred. For example, on a recent $2.2M settlement with Vizio regarding the software in its T.V.s that tracked viewing activity of 11 million consumers without their knowledge, Ohlhausen agreed that although Vizio’s actions were deceptive, she seemed to oppose the notion that television viewing activity constitutes sensitive information. Ohlhausen also stated that the FTC needs to reexamine how it defines “substantial injury” to consumers and focus on the misuse of historically sensitive private consumer information, including health and financial information, information on children and social security numbers.

Not wasting anytime in this regard, Ohlhausen just announced that Jessica Rich, Director of the Bureau of Consumer Protection, is leaving the agency on February 17 and is being replaced by Thomas Pahl. During Rich’s tenure, the FTC brought numerous actions against businesses that resulted in billions of dollars being returned to consumers. These awards may soon be a thing of the past as Pahl, like Ohlhausen, supports deregulation.

While deceptive marketing practices will still be on the FTC’s radar, the good news for marketers is that Ohlhausen is not a proponent of how cavalierly investigations have been initiated; nor does she believe in the total disgorgement of profits of companies found to be in violation of (some) consumer protection laws.

Ohlhausen is just the interim chair, but it is rumored that Trump has a couple of like-minded candidates for the permanent position, including Sean Reyes, a former attorney general of Utah. Dietary supplements are the largest industry in Utah (worth over $7B annually). If selected, Reyes could be much welcome news for nutraceutical marketers. In fact, Utah Senator Orrin Hatch helped draft the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act which regulates product claims, labeling, etc., and he is a strong supporter of the industry.

Regardless of who is chosen to permanently chair, recent moves should be encouraging to most product marketers and nutraceutical producers alike, though they may be less protective of consumer interests.

For questions or more information regarding the above content, email DLG@DigitalLawGroup.com

Those of us in the consumer products industry are either directly or indirectly aware of the problems Amazon poses to brand integrity and consumer protection. It is impossible to prevent counterfeit products from being sold on the platform, and, perhaps even more frustrating, Amazon is making it exceedingly difficult to remove those counterfeit listings and stop repeat offenders. In many cases, before Amazon will remove a listing, the product owner is required to purchase the knockoff and prove to Amazon, via photos, that the goods are fake. And, of course, Amazon takes its percentage on that sale. Outrageous, right?

Not only do counterfeit goods sold on Amazon harm the product owner in the way of lost sales, but brand integrity suffers as well. Because the infringer can get away with using product copyrights and trademarks to sell counterfeit goods, the consumer believes she is ordering the real deal. In turn, when the consumer receives the product and it breaks, or does not perform as advertised, that consumer leaves a poor review, which the product owner then cannot remove from Amazon. It’s a nasty cycle that, as many product owners can attest to, Amazon seems to have no interest in remedying. And honestly, why would it? The courts have held, including most recently in Milo & Gabby, that Amazon is not liable for the infringement of third-party sellers on its platform. What’s the possible solution for product owners (and ultimately, consumers)? Enter, Donald Trump.

As he does with so many, the Donald has been spatting with Amazon owner Jeff Bezos via Twitter and on the campaign trail. Trump claims that Bezos is concerned that if he wins the election, Trump will go after Amazon for its “huge antitrust problem.” According to Trump, it is for this reason that Bezos, who also owns the Washington Post, has 20 staffers digging for dirt on the presidential candidate. While many others are also doing their best to prevent a Trump presidency for various reasons, could Trump be right about Bezos’ motivation?

Antitrust laws promote competition and protect consumers from predatory business practices. Seth Bloom, former general counsel of the U.S. Senate’s Antitrust subcommittee, recently stated that because there needs to be some illegal behavior and not just a large market share, “The test … is whether the conduct of Amazon is benefiting or harming consumers.” He went on to say that he hasn’t heard anything said about how Amazon is harming consumers. Well, apparently Bloom has not ordered a counterfeit food chopper that arrives broken, or counterfeit skin care products that cause severe allergic reactions. If he had, he would know that consumers are being harmed and that Amazon’s brand protection department is well aware of it.

These practices could spell trouble for Amazon should the Federal Trade Commission or Department of Justice start poking around. So, perhaps being called out by Trump — and (hopefully) other high profile individuals/companies — will put some pressure on Amazon to come to the table and address some of these issues in order to … err … make Amazon great again.

Jessica M. Pfau is a partner at Phillips & Pfau LLP. She can be reached via e-mail at 

Jessica@DigitalLawGroup.com